Analyzing a Photograph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing a Photograph - Essay Example When the photo was taken, it was the day the Japanese surrendered to the Americans through signing a contract of agreement. Eisensteadt was then assigned in Manhattan and was taking pictures in the streets when he witnessed the phenomenal stolen kiss, which made him very famous. In his recollection, he claimed to have followed the Sailor as he saw the other kissing different women. The photo was published in Life Magazine where it appeared on the center of a page, among two other photos with other couples kissing. In the other photos, the couples intended to kiss, whereas in The V-J Day in Times Square, the subjects did not know each other, and they did not plan to kiss. Produced in 1945, the photo is still in black and white, thus showing the high contrast between the sailor’s blue uniform and the nurse’s white outfit. The high contrast makes the subjects easily identifiable, hence allowing the artist to achieve focus and emphasis. The subject of the photograph is what makes it extraordinary. At first glance, viewers will think that the kissing couple knows each other, and that they are kissing in front of the crowd to make a show. However, if viewers will find out the story behind the photograph, they will have more interest in it. Photos of kissing couples are quite common especially nowadays; but the thought of two persons kissing despite being totally strangers to each other is really surprising, not to mention that the photo was taken way back in 1945 when the people were a lot more conservative than today. When investigated, the sailor and the nurse were found to be unfamiliar with each other, and the sailor was said to have done the kissing out of his exhilaration in hearing the news about the withdrawal of Japanese from the war. Later investigations revealed that the sailor named Glen McDuffie kissed the nurse identified as Edith Shain because he knew that his brother who was captured by the Japanese will be set free (Goddard). The unfami liarity between the man and woman is established by their hand gestures. The man who is holding the woman with his left arm closes his fist instead of holding the woman’s face to show gentleness and intimacy. Likewise, the woman’s left arm, which is supposed to embrace the man around his neck, does the same unlikely gesture for intimate partners: it closes in a fist, hence reflecting unfamiliarity. As regards the response of the nurse, she claimed to have responded to the sailor’s kiss because she saw the happiness in him. In sum, the festive mood of the subject is the general feeling that Eisenstaedt has captured. In other pictures where couples are kissing, passion or love could be perceived. However, in Eisenstaedt’s photo, the expression of freedom to do what one desires to do is given emphasis instead. Emphasis is further achieved with the reactions of people around the subject. On the right side is a woman in her forties, looking and giggling at the sight of the kissing couple. On the left side is another sailor in his outfit, giving a good laugh at the subject. The reactions of the bystanders add to the emphasis in the photo. Such smiles draw the attention of the audience further to the couple in the middle of the picture, especially at what they are doing. Moreover, by laughing and giggling a

Marketing Techniques Essay Example for Free

Marketing Techniques Essay The main thing behind marketing in a business is finding the customer’s needs and produce the product/ services to satisfy their needs, this way the customer can choose what they would want included in their product/ service. A business that follows this rule is market-orientated. There is alternatives orientation for businesses, these are; The production concept: This is where the business produces in large quantities and distribute in bulk, this is so the customer/ business get the products cheaper as they will be bulk buying. A business that would do this is Walkers. They make thousands of packets and then sells them to large business such as Tesco, Tesco would be able to buy it for cheaper as they will be buying in a very large amount as they can stock allot of products. However charity shops will sell their products and with the entire surplus they send it off to the charity. An example of this is Oxfam, they will sell their products to the public and with all the surplus is sent off to the project they are currently on. The sales concept: Businesses need to know how to sell their products/ services. If they don’t know how to the business is likely to fail but if a business knows how to sell its goods/ sieves then it is likely to be successful. A type of sales technique is hard selling nor Tesco or Oxfam hard sell but businesses such as Anglian, Everest and Safestyle are usually hard sellers trying to get you to buy double glazing. As you can see some of the sales reps in these businesses have lied about the business just so they can close sales with people on the spot. The marketing Concept: Marketing concept is different to sales and production as it has to take every step with keeping customers in mind as marketing is based around customer’s needs and wishes. An example for this is Tesco they do this with their Tesco Club card every time you shop you swipe your card and the system knows what the customer purchased, so to bring back the customer they will mail you some vouchers which then makes the customer want to come back into the store and shop again. Another business that uses marketing is Curry’s when you purchase something the sales assistant take down your home address so if they have any offers which are similar to what you bought will send you letter informing you about any offers. Marketing definitions: Basic definition of marketing is meeting customer needs and wants profitably. Marketing consists of identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably. Objectives: Private sector The objectives for a private sector business are to maximise profits and expand all over the world. An example for a private sector business is Tesco. They have businesses in the UK and in America called Fresh Easy. In the screen shot you can see Tesco’s objectives. Public sector The objectives for a public sector business are to provide quality service for the public. An example for this is the NHS as they provide health care for everyone. In the screenshot you can see NHS’s objectives. Voluntary sector The voluntary sector businesses objectives are to raise money for good causes. An example of this is Oxfam they aid anyone to donate any goods so they can sell them and send the money they produce from the goods they sell given to the public to projects they are currently on. As you can see this is one of Oxfam’s shops where they sell goods that have been donated by the public. Organisational objective This is a target for the whole business no matter how big it is. A good example of this is Tesco, Tesco’s objective may be to increase market share to 51%. Marketing objective This is how you are going to achieve it e.g. increase Tesco value products Tesco can produce their own products such as Ben Jerry ice-cream they can produce a Tesco value version as some people may not be able to afford  £4 ice-cream so the people can buy the alternative which would help Tesco increase their profits. Link between organisational objectives and marketing objectives Marketing objectives shouldn’t be contradicting a business’s main objective, but should be contributing in achieving that. A business will not succeed if it’s been pulled apart in two different directions. An example of this is if Tesco want to increase their sales by a certain percentage then different functional areas have to contribute to achieve this such as advertising they may advertise products that are on offer or any seasonal products e.g. Christmas, new years or valentines. Tesco’s could also send out more offers with their Club Card meaning more customers may shop in the business. By this way Tesco will be informing a lot more people that they have sales on which might bring more customers into the business. Market leadership This is where a business has the most market share in a given product or service, this could be measured by the amount of goods sold or the value of those goods. If a business wants to become a market leader they need to be 51% or more in sales for it to become a market leader. For example, Tesco is the leading supermarket in the supermarket market place as you can see in this screenshot (January 2012). Charity do no compete with market share as they all have similar aims and objectives but need maximum funds to stay in operation. Some charities will be more valuable then others depending on how much donations they receive. Oxfam is at the top along with cancer research UK, British Heart Foundation and many more. Brand awareness Brand awareness is making people aware of the business and what they do/ sell. Brand awareness is the NHS’s number one objective, they want all of Great Britain’s public to know what they do. Brand awareness may be an individual product or the whole business itself. Tesco may advertise their Tesco club card so people are more aware of the club card you can get when you sign up with them. Perceptions of customers A customer’s perception of a business or a brand often affects their purchasing decision. An example of this is a business might have a lot of brand awareness but their products might not be of the highest quality. This will make the customer not want to come back into the store as they are paying for a cheap quality product. Tesco has a reputation of selling goods a cheap price to everyone, if they start selling their products higher than their competitors then they are likely to lose out on customers and sales which are why they try keep their prices as low as possible. People may also decide to shop at Oxfam for clothes rather than buying clothes from the high street as they know their money goes to good use. Techniques: Growth strategies Businesses grow through their products/ services every time they put a product on the market more and more people will find out about the product. For example Tesco have been using growth strategies as they are expanding with their services, such as Tesco Money, you can now have a credit card with Tesco which people who may don’t normally do not shop at Tesco may have their Tesco credit card. Oxfam use growth strategies through advertising. Every time they advertise someone new will hear about Oxfam and how they are helping to take people out of poverty in third world countries. Survival strategies This is important for all business if they want to keep operating. The reason why Tesco are expanding into different markets is in case one market fails them they have other services which will help them keep out of making a loss for example if Tesco started making cars and sold a few thousand but then was not successful. They are likely to start making a loss but as they are successful in other markets they are unlikely that they would shut down. With Oxfam with all their stores open they can use them stores to survive. Branding Business need to have a strong brand image in order for them to survive. Providing high customer service will increase the brand image. Advertising is also a factor to increase the brand image. Tesco and Oxfam both have a very strong brand image as they are at the top of their tables Tesco is globally a very well known business and Oxfam is also globally well know as they operate in the UK and in third world countries. Relationship marketing Building a relationship with customers is very important for the business as they will think that the business cares about them. Tesco can build relationships with its customers at the tills, the cashier can communicate with the customer building a positive relationship. This is also the same with Oxfam when people buy products from the stores they are building a relationship with the business or if you support Oxfam through direct debit you will receive a welcome pack with updates every month about what the persons many is doing and how they are helping people in poverty.

Organ Transplant Essay -- Health, Diseases, Organ Donation

An organ transplant is a surgical operation conducted to replace an organ unable to function properly with a new one. An organ, in turn, is an accumulation of cells and tissues gathered to perform the functions of body. Therefore, any part of the body which acts as a performer of specific function is called an organ. There are two possible ways of how the organ donation (OD) can take place. The first is the donation of cadaveric organs (organs from recently deceased people). The decision to donate in this way requires the consent of a person in the form of an indication on the driver license, like in the USA (Gruessner, Benedetti, 2008, 54) or health care document as an organ donor card, in Netherlands, Sweden, Ireland, for example (Hareyan, 2007). The second option is the organ donation from the living person. This usually occurs in regard to the close people who need an organ, but also takes place in regard to strangers. Although procedure of organ donation developed rapidly in the recent half a century, it can hardly be claimed good enough to manage supply and demand, well-organized and perfect (World Health Organization, 2010). The dramatic character of the situation can be revealed in the statistics of the waiting list for organs, for example kidney. To understand whether the mismatch of supply and demand for organs have sharpened over time, it would be useful to look at the state of affairs in a particular region, such as EU, for instance. There was a significant increase in the demand for kidney in the EU: from 1980s with just above 2000 candidates to 11082 in 2008. Meanwhile, the amount of transplants which have taken place also increased, but not so profoundly: from 1000 (only from deceased donors) to 4000 (from living an... ... organs can be injected in human body to perform the functions of human body’s organ. But there is a critique to this option as there is no guarantee that artificial organs can be an effective substitute the human organs and there is a probability of the next operations which will be needed to normalize the body condition and to reduce the possible rejection (ibid). Nonetheless, if there is even no trial on how to improve the state of affairs, there is a low chance on progress and future success in this sphere. Consequently, the practice of new methods of treatment can ensure the needed effects and identify possible problems, which then, can be avoided in the real operations. The work of the specialists in the Center for Bioethics might demonstrate that there can be several ways of how to increase organ donation rates to diminish current weaknesses in this sphere.

The Gap Between Rich and Poor In Canada :: Canada Economics

National economies are extremely complex. The level of economic development is the major indicator of the place that the country stands on the international economic scene or economic staircase. Many factors are responsible for economic growth and sustainability as well as for crisis and disruption. Nowadays, all the countries of the globe are interconnected and closely intermingled with each other in the net of international economic relations due to globalization. Therefore, Canadian citizens should prevent the gap between rich and the poor to make Canada a greater society. Canada is a country famous for the growth of the national wealth, its transformation into financial and economic, and political leader of the capitalist world. Canada uses any opportunity to take control over new markets, to increase the production and export products and investments. Canada has become a country many people want to invest in; â€Å"people follow stability and strength, and so there's people investing in Canada like they used to invest in England, the United States and German. The world feels our affluence† (Serving Up the City to the Super-Rich 2007). Investment is an integral part of the country’s policy and making investments in an economically strong and stable country like Canada often guarantees the development and preservation of the company’s well-being. Therefore, there is tremendous amount of cash influx from foreign economies into Canada, making more investments in Canadian economy, -like this case of construction of 14 hyper-luxury con dos- accompanied by buying lots of Canadian dollars, thus rising demand for it and making the value of Canadian currency grow. â€Å"There is a stealth influx of foreign capital changing the face of downtown Toronto from the waterfront to Yorkville† (Serving Up the City to the Super-Rich 2007). In Canada today, the middle class is shrinking, while the percent of the rich and the poor continues to grow. The average work hours of Canadian working individuals in April 2009 were 36.2 hours per week, but very large percentage of 9.2% of Canadians still falls in the category of low income. Yet, the number of millionaires and billionaires is growing. In 2002, the number of persons with income of $250,000 and over were 94,020 but in 2006, the number has increased to 144,830 (Statistics Canada). As one of the results of increased number of these rich people, we can now even witness a gigantic project like this: â€Å"Welcome to Toronto's new era of wealth.

How Have Other Peoples Readings Of “Translations” Helped You Essay

How Have Other Peoples Readings Of â€Å"Translations† Helped You To Understand The Contexts Of The Play In Scene 1? The first act of Friel’s play â€Å"Translations† features many different contexts ranging from the infamous potato famine to hinting at the possible forming of the present day IRA (the Donnelly twins,) and politics. One of the major contexts that also coincide with the title of the play is translation. The translation of Irish name into English name. I only realised this by reading a Canadian writers essay on language and its importance in â€Å"Translations†. Especially in relation to Owen and his take on the Irish language. Where as many Irish people, at the time, saw the English to be taking away Irelands identity by colonizing it and changing names, language etc. Owen seems to be naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and miss this. By changing place names they are not only taking away identity but also something more intimate, a part of their lifestyle. Hence when the English mistake Owens name to be Roland it seems to be Manus who is more frustrated by this whereas Owen says â€Å"Owen – Roland- what the hell. It’s only a name. It’s the same me, isn’t it.† The importance (or un-importance, depending how you want to perceive it) of names is brought up firstly at the start of the play when Manus is teaching Sarah to speak. It is important to note that the first thing Manus teaches her to say is her name, also her identity. Owens ignorance for the colonisation is shown again when he says, â€Å"my job is to translate the quaint, archaic tongue you people persist in speaking into the Kings good English.† One quote from the particular essay by the Canadian writer says † The Gaelic tongue is becoming obsolete in the wake of colonisation, Owen has boarded the ship of progress disassociating himself from his foundation.† Similar, in a sense, is Maire’s view on the English language and that it should be learnt. Maire’s view links in with another context shown in the play and that is the focus on dead languages, such as Greek and Latin and soon to be dead, Gaelic. By researching Irish history at the time the play is set, it is easier to gather an understanding for the wanting of Maire to learn English. Dr Leon Litvack’s paper on the historical and colonial context of Friel’s Translations illustrates this. Maire’s reference to Daniel O’Connel, â€Å"the disillusioned veteran who founded the catholic association,† O’Connel preached that it was necessary to learn English in order to allow Ireland to progress in a quickly modernising western world. Hence Maire wanting to learn English rather than a dead language such as Greek or Latin as this will be necessary if she is going to immigrate to the United States. One interpretation of the play is the focus on schools. Being set in an illegally run hedge school, a place where Catholics turned to for education after the penal laws were instated. The time the play is set is during a major transition period when the English are trying to get rid of hedge schools and introduce new national schools. It has been shown by statistics that half a million Irish children received illegal tuition through hedge school. This links in with the whole idea of translations, as at the new national schools, where you were forced to go to by law, the language you would be taught in would be English, no longer Gaelic. To some people This was a problem but to others like Maire, English was seen as the language of opportunity. â€Å"The old language was a barrier to modern progress† she quotes from the famous Daniel O’Connel. There is an increasing amount of tension being built up in the first act with regards to the devastating potato famine. There is a sense of dramatic irony being shown as well. Seeing as the play is set in the 1830s this is only a short time before the potato blight occurred in 1845.this disaster caused the population of Ireland to drop from eight million down to six million. It is believed that one million people died of starvation while another million were forced to immigrate to start new lives in Canada and America etc. It is obvious to the audience that the famine will occur but the characters in the play are blind to this even though the clues are all there. This is why the audience tend to sympathise for their negligence. Even when Jimmy Jack suggests to Doalty he should plant something other than potatoes, which is the correct thing to do, he just comically shrugs off the remark, â€Å"Too lazy be Jesus to wash himself and he’s lecturing me on agriculture!† Bridget also brings up the subject of the blight and its distinctive, ominous â€Å"sweet smell,† only to be aggressively dismissed by Maire. â€Å"Sweet smell! Sweet smell! Every year at this time somebody comes back with stories of the sweet smell. Sweet God, Did the potatoes ever fail in Baile Beag? Well, did they ever-ever? Never!† This is where the audience really begin to sympathise, as they know of the catastrophic effects that will soon occur. Although Friel has not written the play from a biased or political point of view it is still possible to find the idea of the modern day IRA being formed in this play. This becomes more noticeable as the play progresses. Although it is still possible to get an idea of this from Doaltys seemingly harmless antics with the British soldiers and his constant dodging of questions involving the Donnelly twins. Manus â€Å"aren’t they at home?† Doalty â€Å"No.† Manus â€Å"Where are they then?† Doalty â€Å"How would I know?† Even the stage directions in this particular section lead us to believe something suspicious is going on, Doalty begins whistling through his teeth. Suddenly the atmosphere is silent and alert. To be able to understand that this may be about the IRA, background reading about the times the play is set and when the play was written (the 1970s, a time of great trouble and political unrest in Northern Ireland.) is necessary. The 1970s were a time when tension between Northern Ireland and England was at a peak. This also was around the time of the infamous â€Å"Bloody Sunday†. So it is possible that Friel may have tried to incur some of this in to the play. Although Seamus Deane says â€Å"Translations† is a â€Å"sequence of events in history which are transformed by his writing into a parable of events in the present day.† The play has also been described as an enlightening metaphor for the situation in Northern Ireland. The many contexts featured in the play are extremely important as they add a framework or shell to the play allowing it to go in many directions. Although it features so many different contexts Friel is quoted to say that â€Å"Translations† is â€Å"to do with language and only language.† Therefore not historical contexts. To become more familiar with the play and its many contexts background reading and the reading of other people’s interpretations are essential. By reading theses criticisms I have become more aware at how Friel has made the play so effective by setting it in the specific era. By doing this it makes it easier for the audience to see how the recent condition of Ireland spiralled way out of control originating in the mid 1800s. It also gives greater depth to the tragedy that will eventually befall and that the audience know the tragedy is coming but not on so many levels. Overall it is essential to at least to some form of background reading in order to understand the play to a higher level.

Free Essays on Creation

"The Creation" by James Weldon Johnson is poetry about God almighty created what we know as life. As, God stepped out onto space he said he was "lonely". Next, he said to himself that he would make him a world. So, god started putting the pieces together to make his perfect world. Secondly, God smiled then light appeared. Then, God reached out and grabbed the light and rolled it up in his hand until he made the sun. "After he sent the sun to the heavens, the light that was remaining he gathered into a ball, and threw it at the darkness and made night with moon and stars." Next, "God created many things such as lightning, thunder, rain, grass, flowers, rivers, sea, birds, beasts, forests, and woods." After all of Gods creation he was still lonely in his New World. So, God decided to create man. Then, he sat down and scooped up some clay and shaped it in his own image. Next, he blew his breath of life onto the clay and man became a living thing soul. We all know that the book of "Genesis" is the first sign of creation and it also describes the creation of the world like the poem by James Weldon Johnson. Basically, it's the same, but a little different. The only things that are different to me is that god was more vocal in the book of "Genesis". When God wanted something or he wanted something to happen he just spoke upon it. For example, when he said "let there be light", and there was light. And in the poem by James Weldon Johnson the lord seem to do everything by hand.... Free Essays on Creation Free Essays on Creation "The Creation" by James Weldon Johnson is poetry about God almighty created what we know as life. As, God stepped out onto space he said he was "lonely". Next, he said to himself that he would make him a world. So, god started putting the pieces together to make his perfect world. Secondly, God smiled then light appeared. Then, God reached out and grabbed the light and rolled it up in his hand until he made the sun. "After he sent the sun to the heavens, the light that was remaining he gathered into a ball, and threw it at the darkness and made night with moon and stars." Next, "God created many things such as lightning, thunder, rain, grass, flowers, rivers, sea, birds, beasts, forests, and woods." After all of Gods creation he was still lonely in his New World. So, God decided to create man. Then, he sat down and scooped up some clay and shaped it in his own image. Next, he blew his breath of life onto the clay and man became a living thing soul. We all know that the book of "Genesis" is the first sign of creation and it also describes the creation of the world like the poem by James Weldon Johnson. Basically, it's the same, but a little different. The only things that are different to me is that god was more vocal in the book of "Genesis". When God wanted something or he wanted something to happen he just spoke upon it. For example, when he said "let there be light", and there was light. And in the poem by James Weldon Johnson the lord seem to do everything by hand.... Free Essays on Creation Outline Title: Creation vs. Evolution or Scientific Creation Thesis: Creation vs. Evolution has been a hot topic with society for centuries. Just recently, in the mid-1980’s an new kid came on the block, Scientific Creation. Purpose: The following will show the main ideas of Creation, Evolution, and Scientific Creation. I will also show why I believe in Creation and what aspects of Evolution and Scientific Creation help me to confirm this belief. Creation vs. Evolution or Scientific Creation The cosmos, whether you believe in Creation, Evolution, or Scientific Creation is a very interesting subject. Creation, as documented in the Bible in Genesis 1:1 states that â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.† It shows that God created the universe and all living things out of love, in a particular order, and with a particular purpose. Evolution portrays the origin of life as starting out with the â€Å"big bang†. The collision of two atmospheres, b oth atmospheres having the ability to create life as we know it. Scientific Creation is not based on Genesis or any religious teaching. Scientific Creation is based on the scientific data, which supports Creation. According to Henry M. Morris, the difference between Scientific Creation and Biblical Creation is â€Å"the first is based solely on scientific evidence, from such sciences as genetics, geology, thermodynamics and paleontology; the second is based on Biblical teachings.† In examining the above beliefs, Creation, Evolution and Scientific Creation, I view Scientific Creation as an attempt to make a lateral connection between Evolution and Creation. The theory that all living creatures came out of the â€Å"big bang† (according to Evolution) is too far of a stretch to the imagination for me. If all animals, insects and human beings were created due this collision and through an evolutionary process, then one would think that we would all be related genetically. Where does o... Free Essays on Creation A Comparison of the Creation Stories of Hindu, Greek, and Norse Mythology There are many different creation stories from around the world. I’m going to describe three stories from different beliefs. The first is the story of the Hindu religion. Then I’ll tell you about the Greek myths. The Norse myths are also very interesting. They all have different creation stories, but share same elements. The Hindu religion is a very interesting one, and its creation story only makes it more so. According to the Rig-Veda, creation begins in a state of hollow darkness; nothingness does not even exist. There is only one, one who breathes without air, and lives without tangible nourishment. He is Brahman, â€Å"that one,† and he is the essence of all beings. Desire came to him to produce new creatures, and he wanted to make them out of his own body. He created the waters, put his seed in them, and the seed swelled into a golden egg from which he himself was born. The upper half of the seed became the heavens, and the lower half became the earth. That is how the Hindu beginning began. In Judaism, creation begins with God. He alone created the heaven and earth. The earth was like that of the Hindus, a dark, shapeless void. Then God created light, which he separated from the dark, and from these he created day and night. He then made a firmament that he named Heaven. He brought dry land, fruitful plants, and two great lights to rule over day and night. He then brought forth moving creatures of land and sea. Finally, he made man in his own image to rule over the beasts. That is how the Genesis tells of this beginning....

The inherent anarchy of the international system is largely to blame for the onset of war. The WritePass Journal

The inherent anarchy of the international system is largely to blame for the onset of war. Introduction The inherent anarchy of the international system is largely to blame for the onset of war. Introduction Whilst studying any discipline focusing on the international system, it is essential to try to comprehend its complexity. As will be seen in this essay, numerous authors such as Thucydides, Hobbes, Grotius and Waltz, in order to understand the international environment, worked significantly on the correlation between the nature of the international system and the onset of war. The notion of anarchy is crucial in International Relations and international security studies, and is therefore taken into consideration by all main theories. However it is Realist theory and its various sub-branches that are most reliant on the assumption of an anarchical international environment. This sense of anarchy is, Realists assume, inherent in a system in which the highest authority is the state, with no overarching power, or ‘Leviathan’, to impose order and restraint as the state does on its domestic society. In such an environment states are bound only by coercion or consent (See Bull, 2002). However, as is suggested in the title of this essay an anarchical system is not believed to be the only cause of war. Therefore this essay will present an overview of key Realist thinkers in an effort to identify factors other than anarchy that may lead to conflict. These factors will then be applied to existing theoretical frameworks before the conclusion attempts to determine the true role played by international anarchy in the onset of war. In order to assess the effect of the inherent anarchy of the international system on the onset of war, it is essential to first establish the effective importance and impact of anarchy on the onset of a hostile, pre-conflict, situation, both in theory and in practice; this will highlight the fact that anarchy is a facilitator more than a cause of the onset of war; and finally determine if there are other factors which can take part in the outbreak of war. Hans Morgenthau, widely regarded as the individual most responsible for constructing the realist school, claims that realists â€Å"†¦believe that the world, imperfect as it is from the rational point of view, is the result of forces inherent in human nature.† (Morgenthau, 1993 p.3) A sub-theory of Realism, that of Classical Realism, develops this pessimistic view of International Relations as a resulting from the negative qualities of human nature. States, being the creation of men, are assumed to inherit the flaws of human nature. Once the selfishness of man is applied to an anarchical environment, Classical Realists argue, conflict is often the result   (Morgenthau, 2006, p.590). Indeed, as Kenneth Waltz summarises: According to the first image of international relations, the focus of the important causes of war is found in the nature and behaviour of man. Wars result from selfishness, from misdirected aggressive impulses, from stupidity. Other causes are secondary and have to be interpreted in the light of these factors. (Viotti Kauppi, 1998 p.131) For Classical Realists, men are susceptible to the impulses of greed, mistrust and envy, which lead them to an inevitable social Darwinian struggle for survival. They stress on the fact that there is continuity in world politics, a continual struggle for power, devoid of morality. In concordance with Machiavellis The Prince, it aims at seeing the world â€Å"as it is† and not â€Å"as we would like it to be†. One of the primary figures of Realist thinking is Thomas Hobbes, who posited the view that before the creation of states, men were living in a state of nature, where no set of rules or principles prevented them from acting as they. This state of nature shaped men and their own inherent qualities, which for Hobbes was â€Å"competition, diffidence and glory† (Hobbes, 1985, p.183-188). For Hobbes, if there is not some overarching sovereign entity, some Leviathan (Ibid, 1985), to coerce human nature, men will inevitably resort to conflict (Abizadeh, 2011, p.298). Realists apply these characteristics to states and to the international system. The international system exists in a state of nature, anarchical in the sense that there is no set of rules that can prevent the states from acting immorally or simply attacking each other; There is no overarching international authority (Waltz, 1992, p.105). Moreover, according to Hobbes, states have the same interests, which put them in dir ect competition. They seek at the minimum self-preservation, but will also try to acquire advantages (in terms of territory, trade etc.) in order to dominate other states and increase there own secure. Indeed, in his interpretation of Morgenthau’s work, Kenneth Waltz makes this point exactly: Morgenthau recognized that given competition for scarce goods with no one to serve as arbiter, a struggle for power would ensue among the competitors, and that consequently the struggle for power can be explained without reference to the evil born in men. The struggle for power arises because people want things and not necessarily because of the evil in their desires. (Waltz, 1992, p.34-35) Therefore, in this state of anarchy, states serve their own interests and try to acquire power to assure their survival. Power is usually defined as the combination of different elements improving the state’s capacity or perceived capacity: military, economic, diplomatic, etc. Realists usually deem coercive power to be the most important (Nye Jr and Welch, 2001, p.38-41). Because of the state of anarchy, states can rely only on themselves and what they perceive, and if they perceive threat, it can lead to war. War in this environment is merely the consequence of the fear generated by anarchy. Waltz argues that states are just trying to survive, whilst not being able to discern other states intentions, and for these systemic-structural reasons, they can be drawn into conflicts. Waltz’s view is in turn supported by Hobbes’ notion of fear of destruction by rivals; this fear leads to what Hobbes calls â€Å"anticipation† (Hobbes, 1985 pp.183-188), or in modern parlance the attraction of launching preemptive or preventative attacks on rival polities. This systemic pressure is well illustrated by the basic game theoretical model the Prisoner’s Dilemma, wherein it is in both parties’ interest to adopt and offensive posture. In the prisoner’s dilemma, if say two prisoners are arrested for committing a crime and are being held in different cells for questioning, a clever prosecutor may make them offers in order to encourage them to confess. He may tell them that if one of them confesses to committing the crime, then he will be pardoned if the accomplice chooses to remain silent and not confess. However if both of them confess, then they will both be convicted of the crime with early parole. If they both choose to be silent and not confess then the prosecutor will opt to settle for token sentences on the committed crime. Both of the prisoners care much about their personal freedom than that of their accomplices. The dilemm a here is that regardless of the decision made by the other prisoner, each of them is better confessing than remaining silent. However, if they both choose to confess then the outcome will be worse than if they choose to remain silent. The prisoner’s dilemma is used to illustrate the conflict between individual and group rationality. Groups where the members pursue rational self-interest may end up with worse results than those with members acting contrary to the rational self-interest. This situation can lead to a security dilemma, which ultimately might lead to war. A security dilemma occurs when a state arms to protect itself from other states, thus making the other states feel threatened (as they cannot know the arming state is only attempting to protect itself, not to attack its neighbours) and therefore arm themselves, resulting in an arms race and increased chance of war (Viotti and Kauppi, 1999, p.68). An excellent example of the paranoid nature of man and its effect on the international state system is the period leading up to the First World War. Wilhelm’s inferiority complex and love hate relationship with his uncle (Edward VII) and England led him to start constructing a large modern naval fleet that England perceived as a mortal threat to her vital interests. This forced England to patch its relationship with France and Russia in order to form an alliance against the Germans. The paranoid inferiority complex of the German state resulted in friction with France over colonial possessions and with the United Kingdom over naval supremacy. The subsequent actions of these states perfectly reflect the theories outlined above. All three sought to alter the balance of power in their favour through the construction of opposing alliance structures and through large scale military build up. The war that resulted began in a geopolitical area, the Balkans, which was not a part of the UK’s, Germany’s, or France’s core interests, however the anticipatory nature of their military build up made war inevitable. Furthermore, the ridiculous alliances they had forged with states/groups on the region divided Europe into two camps by 1914 with both camps pushing for balance of power in their favour. These alliances facilitated a sense of duty to protect each other and escalated the animosity between different European states. The Balkan war only acted as a trigger that the alliances needed to engage each other in war. Moreover, some Realists also have a more cynical vision of states and do not explain their misbehaviour only by diffidence due to a lack of information. Indeed, even if states are equal actors on the international scene, they do not have the same capabilities, and because of the anarchical environment, there is nothing to stop the most powerful from being aggressive towards less powerful states. Hans Morgenthau sees this aggressive behaviour from the states as a consequence of mans nature, which is in his opinion a urge to dominate others, an â€Å"aggressive animus dominandi† (Abizadeh, 2011, p.298). War is often assumed to be the consequence of the Hobbesian state of nature, anarchy. It would be therefore simply violence arising from the lack of law and order. This analysis of the realist vision and the role of anarchy shows that anarchy does not seem to be the only factor generating war. Indeed, it actually seems to be facilitating the onset of war rather than really generating it. This can be easily demonstrated by the fact that the international system as described Huntington (2011) is always being anarchical, but war is not omnipresent. There are periods of relative peace, or at least of absence of war between states. This observation leads to the assumption that other factors must be generating the onset of war. Hobbes himself agreed on the fact that human nature was partly to blame for war, but in his opinion not because of rational fear but rather because of his â€Å"intrinsic desire for glory† (Abizadeh, 2011, p.313). Indeed, without a Leviathan, men and therefore states, will resort in violence as they do not chose to regulate themselves. This pessimistic vision of human nature is dismissed by another theory, liberalism, which finds other factors leading to war. Liberals generally believe that humans are good natured. Liberalism emphasises the rule of law and omnipotent principles such as individualism, freedom from authority, equality and freedom for social action (Fukuyama, 1992, p.42). Liberals agree with Realists on the fact that there is a security competition between states that can transform into war, but war can be avoided through economic cooperation, as this cooperation creates interdependence between states. It is then in states (economic) interest to have good relations. Neo-liberals go even further by promoting the use of international institutions to help states cooperate and trust each other (Viotti and Kauppi, 1999, p.209). Economical cooperation is not the only element highlighted by liberals to avoid war. Indeed, the â€Å"democratic peace†, hegemony and the balance of power are three situations conducive of peace in an anarchical environment. The democratic peace theory points to the fact that democratic states do n ot engage in war between one another. Nevertheless, if democratic states do not have fight each other, it does not mean that they cannot be involved in war. The recent intervention of France in Mali for example, shows that democracies can chose to participate in a conflict. As stated in the hegemonic stability theory, relative peace can also be reached with a hegemon, which is an international actor encompassing more power than the other states, and therefore who sets the international agenda and determines the order of the international system. Finally, a balance of power between two states assure stability, as the equal distribution of power between states ensure that none will take the risk of attacking another. Nevertheless this situation is quite fragile due to the natural competitiveness of states, intensified by the state of anarchy. Furthermore, the international system is not as anarchical as described by realists. There is a complex set of rules aimed at constraining warfare. These rules do not work perfectly and it is true that states obey them by choice more than by obligation, nevertheless, they have a real impact and do restrain the behaviour of states at war (Anderson and Gifford Jr, 2004). For instance, in 2001 during the Gulf war the Coalition forces limited their conventional land operations to the territory of Kuwait and did not pursue defeated Iraqi forces into Iraq, which would have involved a breach of their international mandate (Nye Jr and Welch, 2011, p.206-208). Idealists join the liberalists on the point of view that war can be avoided by means of cooperation. As Kenneth Thomas (1994 p.79) notes: Idealists deny that the inclination toward power is a persistent reality. Rather, they describe it as an archaism carried over from an ancient past. In the post-Enlightenment era, reason and science are transforming human nature and thereby the possibility of war and strife. Moreover, communication and cultural relations are drawing men ever closer. Another important theory, constructivism, highlights some aspects that Hobbes suggested and have been neglected by realists. Indeed, Hobbes thought that ideological disagreement was an important factor in causing war. Constructivists like Wendt took this idea further as they put forward the idea that the different actors in the international system are socially constituted by ideas and the meanings actors attach to events. A good illustration of the importance of the actors perception of events for the onset of war is the United States invasion of Afghanistan after the terrorist attacks occurring the 9/11 2001 (Abizadeh, 2011, p.298). Other examples can be found with the invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939, the American conduct of the Vietnam War (1959-1975) (Viotti and Kauppi, 1999, p.56). Moreover, some authors like Huntington (2011) explain conflict recurrence by the presence in the international system of fundamental antagonisms between different cultural groupings. This vision suggests that men are not only different in their nature but also socially and culturally differentiated. Moreover, these differences are seen by Huntington as being too important to be surpassed and therefore pushes each human grouping to fight for the supremacy of their beliefs. The world may also be moving towards new types of resource wars in which powerful countries use their military power to acquire resources from other countries. With the continued growth of human population and dwindling of natural resources there will be more conflicts with countries fighting for resources. For instance US invasion of Iraq was partially motivated by the desire to control its oil. The search for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq only acted as an excuse for the invasion. When taking into account all the different elements identified by the theorists cited above and the examples of actual events that occurred in the international system, it is possible to determine that in a state of anarchy, some states will desire mutual cooperation when others will desire to exploit cooperation with others. With so many different actors, any analysis of anarchy and its level of influence on the onset of war require unrealistic assumptions regarding actors interests, knowledge of their situations and will (Vanderschraaf, 2006, p.243). Even if there is no international Leviathan per se, it seems that the inherent state of anarchy of the international system is not the main factor of the onset of war, but rather that it makes the situation more suitable for war. It seems that the onset of war is most likely caused by human nature itself. Nevertheless, men are complex creatures, both ill natured and good natured, which mean that they try to fight their own ill nature by creating rules and trying to install order in the general anarchy. As Locke highlighted, men in a state of nature can end up either at war, at peace, or in an intermediate state (Ibid, 2006, p.248). This will to avoid the onset of war is well illustrated by the creation of the United Nations and the fact that almost all the states joined voluntarily. Moreover, another example is the creation of the European Union, which would have been unthinkable after the First World War. The European Union facilitates trade and political cooperation between the European states, which insure durable peace between them. Whilst Realism could counter that the project is purely conducted for the individual selfish reasons of the member states the fact remains that such international cooperation is unprecedented. This appears to represent, whilst not an elimination, at least a softening of man’s selfish instinct. Nevertheless, because of the state of anarchy and the nature of men, even such a union encounters difficulti es, as states still are reluctant to cooperate. Indeed, cooperation to this extend is seen by some states as a loss in sovereignty. In conclusion, the Realist inspired anarchical international system is not in fact largely to blame for the onset of war, rather it is the primary facilitator for man’s paranoid nature as manifested in states. Human nature, when applied to an anarchic environment, or a state of nature, resorts to the basic principles of Darwinism, centered on survival. This is what pushes states to compete against each other and is what eventually leads to war. The fact that war is not a constant shows that this competition can take other forms, such as diplomatic or economic competition, but all revolve around the need for power and the protection this is perceived to provide. Man’s attempts to at least partially negate the inherent anarchy of the international system through the creation of intergovernmental organisations such as the UN and EU indicates an attempt to control the main facilitator of war, whilst providing institutionalized means of survival. Such attempts are perfectly in keeping with the Classical Realist notions outlined in this essay, but it does indicate an attempt to move away from zero-sum competition to that of positive gain. It remains to be seen whether the increased inter-reliance of states in the era of globalization will serve to erode the role of the state as the main representation of human nature in International Relations. Bibliography Abizadah, Arash (2011, May) Hobbes on the Causes of War: A Disagreement Theory McGill University Press Vol. 105 No.2 pp.298-315 Bain, William (2000) Deconfusing Morgenthau: Moral Inquiry and Classical Realism Reconsidered Review of International Studies 26, 445-464 Barkin, Samuel J (2006) Realist Constructivism Appendix A. Morgenthau, Hans. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace Mcgraw-Hill/Irwill Brown, Chris (2009) Structural Realism, Classical Realism and Human Nature International Relations, 23 (2). Bull, Hedley (2002) The Anarchical Society, Palgrave Macmillan edition, (third edition) Carr, E. H (1939) The Twenty Years Crisis Macmillan and co Ltd Clark, Ian and Neuman, Iver B (1996) Classical Theories of International Relations St Martin’s Press Hobbes, Thomas (1985) Leviathan Penguin classics Hollis, Martin and Smith, Steve (1991) Explaining and Understanding International Relations Clarendon Press; New Ed edition Jones, Charles (1998) E.H. Carr and International Relations: A Duty to Lie Cambridge University Press Kokaz, Nancy (2001) Moderating power: a Thucydidean perspective Review of International Studies 27, 27-49 Lessnoff, Michael (1986)   Social Contract: Issues in Political Theory Macmillan Education LTD Machiavelli, Niccolo (2003) The Prince trans. Bull, George.   Longman; 1 edition Morgenthau, Hans (1993) Politics Among Nations McGraw Hill, Boston MA Shaw, Martin (1994) Global Society and International Relations Polity Press Rothstein, Robert L (1992) The Evolution of Theory in International Relations University of South Carolina Press    Samuel, P. Huntington (2011) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Simon and Schuster Sylvest, Casper (2008) John H. Herz and the Resurrection of Classical Realism International Relations 22:441 Thompson, Kenneth W (1994) Fathers of International Thought: The Legacy of Political Theory Louisiana State University Press Thucydides (1982) History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Warner, Rex Harmondsworth, England, and New York: Penguin Books Viotti, Paul R and Kauppi, Mark V (1998) International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism, Globalism, and Beyond. Longman; 3 edition Waltz, Kenneth (1979) Theory of International Politics Newbury award Records, Inc. Waltz, Kenneth N (1992) Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory (Chapter 2 in The Evolution of Theory in International Relations Rothstein, Robert (ed.) University of South Carolina Press Waltz, Kenneth N (1998) Explain War Viotti, Paul R and Kauppi, Mark V. International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism, Globalism, and Beyond. Longman; 3rd edition Williams, Michael (2004) Why Ideas Matter in International Relations: Hans Morgenthau, Classical Realism, and the Moral Construction of Power Politics International Organization, Vol. 58, No. 4 Viotti, Paul R and Kauppi, Mark V (1998) International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism, Globalism, and Beyond. Longman; 3rd edition

Is there price discrimination in the US Airline Industry essay

Is there price discrimination in the US Airline Industry essay Is there price discrimination in the US Airline Industry? essay Is there price discrimination in the US Airline Industry? essayPrice discrimination is a common practice used in the process of selling products and services; this is a strategy of pricing based on assigning different prices to customers basing on customer characteristics or group attributes. Price discrimination strategies relate to the customers willingness to pay. The purpose of this paper is to explore the existence of price discrimination in the U.S. airline industry, to consider the general market conditions that make price discrimination possible, to consider methods of price discrimination used by carriers in the U.S.,, to explore the causes of price dispersion and to assess the relationship between market structure and price discrimination.According to McAfee (2008), price discrimination takes place when three conditions are satisfied: consumer demand for a particular service or good is different, when the firm has market power in the sense that it can charge the price highe r than marginal costs are and when it is possible to avoid or prevent consumer arbitrage. Indeed, if consumer demand is uniform, consumer willingness to purchase goods will be equal so the reason for price discrimination will disappear. Furthermore, if the firm has no market power, it will be unable to charge higher prices and there will be no reasons for price discrimination as well. If customers are able to identify price differences and initiate arbitrage, those customers purchasing goods at lower prices will be able to resell to other customers and therefore there will likely be a single market price for the firm and a single (higher) market price for the end customers (McAfee, 2008).In reality, there exist various factors preventing arbitrage contracts, personalized services, high costs of transportation, legal regulations prohibiting resale, specific customer segment, limited availability of customers and lack of information (McAfee, 2008). In the case of airline industry, th ere are notable differences in customer demand (for example, business people are willing to pay more for urgent flights while retired individuals tend to choose cheaper flights), carriers have market power to charge above marginal costs and customers do not have possibilities for arbitrage because it is difficult to resell flight services (although there exist companies and agents reselling airline tickets). In general, the U.S. airline industry has the characteristics suitable for price discrimination and it is reasonable to expect that price discrimination is present in the airline industry.Steen and Sorgard (2002) explore the methods of price discrimination used in the U.S. airline industry. According to their research, it is possible to identify three key types of price discrimination used by carriers: versioning, frequent flyer programs and discounts to large consumers (Steen Sorgard, 2002). Versioning is the strategy of offering different air tickets with various options. For example, ticket versions with opportunities of rescheduling or canceling the flight are more expensive, while ticket versions with limits and restrictions are cheaper.Another form of price discrimination in the U.S. airline industry is achieved through discounts to large consumers. Large companies have contracts with carriers and the employees of these companies can get a discount on their tickets. One more option is the use of frequent flyers programs (loyalty programs) by airline companies (Steen Sorgard, 2002): members of such programs can accumulate bonus points for each flight and receive discounts or free flights using their bonuses. In addition, airline carriers might use price discrimination related to the time of purchase tickets purchased beforehand might be quite economic, while the tickets purchased several days before the flight are more expensive. In this case, customer willingness to pay is estimated by the effort that the customer puts into the purchase of tickets .Price variation might occur due to different reasons, the main of which are the sellers willingness to receive additional profit (price discrimination) and variance in costs. According to Borenstein and Rose (1994), there exists certain self-selective discrimination in airline industry because of product heterogeneity and the dependence of costs on flight parameters (day of week, time, number of stops, etc.). Two major sources of genuine cost variations are systematic peak-load pricing emerging from the uncertainties of demand for airline tickets and stochastic load pricing based on the existing demand (Borenstein Rose, 1994).Signs of price discrimination are the differences in responsiveness to competition for different types of fares offered by the same carrier; if price dispersion increases with concentration, it is a sign of monopoly-type price discrimination and if price dispersion decreases with concentration, it is a sign of competitive-type price discrimination (Borenstein Rose, 1994). Other factors stimulating price discrimination are variance of customer attributes, market density and market positions of carriers (size, market share, density of flights, etc.). Attributes of products affecting elasticity of demand also influence price discrimination.The findings of Borenstein and Rose (1994) linking the type of price discrimination to market structure are further confirmed by the findings of Stavins (2001). The analysis of price discrimination options and restrictions used for price discrimination such as discounts for advanced purchase and Saturday night stay-over requirements shows that lower airfares are associated with greater restrictions, but directions with higher market concentration for particular carriers are associated with lower discounts (Stavins, 2001). Therefore, there is notable price discrimination in the U.S. airline industry with three key price discrimination types versioning, discounts for large customers and loyalty programs, and the use of price discrimination is more intensive when market competitiveness increases.

Poet Hughes Life and My Contribution to Poetry Essay

Poet Hughes Life and My Contribution to Poetry - Essay Example Biography James Mercer Langston Hughes was born on 1 February 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. He was the second child to Caroline (Carrie) Mercer Langston and James Nathaniel Hughes. Hughes mother worked as a teacher. Langston had a rough childhood. One of the experiences that greatly bore on him was the divorce of his parents. Upon divorce, Langston’s father left for Cuba and later settled in Mexico. He sought to escape racism that was rampant in the United States of America (West 160). After his parents separated, Langston stayed back with his mother. However, his mother travelled a lot in search for employment. As a result, Langston grew in a number of Midwestern towns. Langston’s maternal grandmother, Mary Patterson Langston, played a major part in raising young Langston Hughes. She was of great influence to young Langston in matters relating to racial pride, which she drew from black American oral tradition and activist experiences. Langston stayed with his grandmother i n Lawrence, Kansas, where he spent a better part of his childhood. Upon the death of his grandmother, Hughes moved in with his family friends, James and Mary Reed. He stayed with them for two years but later moved in with his mother in Lincoln, Illinois. Carrie remarried while Hughes was an adolescent. This made them move to Cleveland, Ohio where he attended high school. Their home was auctioned in February 1918 for $16,667. Since Hughes spent most of his childhood away from his father, they had a poor relationship. He lived with him for a short period in 1919. After graduating from high school, Hughes moved back in with his father in 1920. He hoped to convince his father to allow him to attend Columbia University. Hughes’ father had a dislike for Negroes and hoped that his son would study abroad. He was willing to support his son financially had Hughes agreed to do away with his ambition as a writer and pursue engineering. Hughes and his father came to a compromise that he w ould undertake engineering at Columbia University. After a two-year stay at the university, Hughes left due to racial prejudice. To earn a living, Hughes worked various odd jobs. At one time, he worked as a crewmember aboard the S.S Malone. Working on this ship saw him spend six months travelling partly to West Africa and Europe. He returned to the United States and secured a white-collar job working at the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. He served as a personal assistant to Carter G. Woodson. The job was too demanding for him, as it did not give him enough time to pursue his writing. Consequently, he quit the job and got another job as a busboy at the Wardman Park Hotel. It is at this place that he met the poet Vachel Lindsay. Lindsay was impressed by Hughes’ work and went ahead to publicize his discovery of Hughes as a poet. Some of Hughes earlier work was already published in magazines and was about to compile them into his first book of poe try. Hughes went ahead to enroll in Lincoln University which was synonymous with blacks in Chester county, Pennsylvania. Upon completing his B.A degree from Lincoln University in 1929, he went back to New York. He did a few travels to the Soviet Union and the Caribbean but spent a better part of his adulthood in Harlem. Controversy looms over Hughes’s sexuality. Some people such as Arnold Rampersand, Hughes primary biographers believe that he exuded homosexual tendencies in his poems thus belief that he preferred African American men (p.69). Hughes died on May 22, 1967.

Hitler Youth of Germany and the Red Guards in China Essay

Hitler Youth of Germany and the Red Guards in China - Essay Example It was the second oldest paramilitary Nazi group, founded in 1922 as the Jungsturm Adolf Hitler, one year after the Sturmabteilung (SA) Stormtroopers. The group was based in Munich, Bavaria, and served as a recruiting ground for new Stormtroopers of the SA. The group was disbanded in 1923 following the abortive Beer Hall Putsch but was re-established in 1926, a year after the Nazi Party had been reorganized. The second Hitler Youth began in 1926 with an emphasis on national youth recruitment into the Nazi Party. Kurt Gruber, a law student and admirer of Hitler from Plauen in Saxony, home to many blue-collar workers, initiated the reconstruction of the League. Then in 1933, Baldur von Schirach served as the first Reichsjugendfuhrer (Reich Youth Leader) and devoted a great deal of time, finances, and manpower into the expansion of the Hitler Youth. By 1930, the group had over 25,000 members with the Bund Deutscher Madel (BDM) (League of German girls), for girls aged from fourteen to eighteen). The Deutsches Jungvolk was another Hitler Youth group, intended for still younger children, both boys and girls (Sohn-Rethel 23-24). In the People's Republic of China, the Red Guards were civilians who were the frontline implementers of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1960s-1970s). Most Red Guards were youngsters in their mid-teens summoned by Chairman Mao Zedong to protect the forward progression of the Chinese Communist Party against "evil forces" such as imperialism and corruption, including those within the Communist Party who were identified as deviationists. Red Guards could be found in all aspects of Chinese society from the Foreign Ministry down to supervision of siblings. The Red Guards sat in the Foreign Ministry supervising officials while briefly seizing power from Chen Yi to conduct foreign affairs. Many Red Guards used their freedom to carry out personal vendettas. The original membership of the Hitler Youth was confined to Munich, and in 1923, the organization had just over one thousand members. In 1925, when the Nazi Party had been refounded, its membership grew to over 5,000. Five years later, the national Hitler Youth membership was at 25,000, at the end of 1932 (a few weeks before the Nazis came to power) it was at 107,956, and at the end of 1933, the Hitler Youth held a membership of 2,300,000. This rise for a large part came from the members of several other youth organizations the HJ had (more or less forcefully) been merged with, including the rather big one of the "evangelische Jugend" (600,000 members at the time), the YO of the Evangelical Church in Germany. In December of 1936, Hitler Youth membership stood at just over 5 million. That same month, the Hitler Youth became obligatory and membership was required by law (Gesetz uber die Hitlerjugend). This obligation was affirmed in 1939 with the Jugenddienstpflicht. Membership could be enforced even against the will of the parents. From that point, most of Germany's teenagers were incorporated into the Hitler Youth, and by 1940, the total membership reached eight million. Later war figures are difficult to calculate, since massive conscription efforts and a general call-up of boys as young as ten years old meant that virtually every young male in Germany was, in some way, connected to the Hitler Youth. The Hitler Youth had the basic motivation of training future "Aryan supermen" and future soldiers who would serve the Third Reich faithfully. Physical and military training took precedence over academic and scientific education in Hitler Youth

Do boys have a genetic lack of motivation in Modern Foreign Languages Essay

Do boys have a genetic lack of motivation in Modern Foreign Languages - Essay Example Learning new languages apart from the commonly used or national languages is paramount in enhancing communication with individuals with diverse native backgrounds. The languages that may include individuals second or third communication technique holds relevance in promoting mutual understanding with different personalities and steer trade. Institutions are currently focusing on employing individuals with diverse language background who hold the capacity of interacting proficiently with customers from diverse locations. This is critical since the world is becoming a global village where trade and various activities are jointly undertaken. This essay discusses the role of genetics in enhancing boys interest in learning modern foreign languages (MFLs). Influence of genetics in motivating boys in learning Modern Foreign Languages As noted by teachers in various settings, most male students are increasingly becoming less interested in learning modern languages. The student’s exhib it low motivational aspects and determination that hinders their success in learning new languages compared to female students. They assert that the low interest and motivation in learning modern languages are instigated genetically in most instances (Jones & Jones, 2001, P, 1). In particular, male students have attitudinal complications that affect their capacity in getting absolute acquaintance to foreign languages that demands determination, consistency and time input. According to various studies, boys low motivational and interest levels in learning MFLs is attributable to genetics, attitudinal and social issues. The study depicts that boys are created with inferior innate capacity that motivates further effort towards acquiring proficiency in various foreign languages (Jones & Jones, 2001, P, 1). Boys are associated with complex subjects that require less communication since they hold low social capacity compared to female students. Consequently, boys are known for their inabi lity to sit for a long period as female students. This deprives them the opportunity to acquire optimal support in the process of learning MFLs that require long hours of dedication and corporation with the teachers. Genetically, the brainpower of boys is suitable for tackling complex issues, for example, mathematics and sciences. They are also suitable for tackling sciences and providing solutions to complex matters of great significance (Jones & Jones, 2001, P, 1). They lack the capacity to involve in an intensive narration and learning new languages due to their impatience. They prefer engaging in structured and practical activities or subjects that require systematic approaches. This explains boys’ instrumental motivational orientation that associates them with rewards. Their focus on the reward system limits their motivational ability since languages does not present them with wide opportunities. Culture is an integrative motivational orientation aspect that influences b oys’ interest in learning modern languages. As noted, various communities adopt diverse cultural practices that define their lifestyle and decision-making. The practices also define the activities and duties that either gender is under expectation to perform. These practices have deep-rooted implications and most individuals believe in them. In most settings, boys are associated with complex undertakings and large output in terms of returns. They are regarded as individuals with great brain

Management Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Management Finance - Essay Example Company should consider a system that will give accurate results and should be certain depending on the data inputted into the system. The system also should be simple to understand and be friendlier to the end users. In addition, the system should also be flexible for it to respond easily to the changes in the organization and for simple decision-making by the junior staff. Activity based costing method is more flexible hence it produces reports which can be used by the management in decision making, this is because it has got a certain methodology of costing products and services. Compared to the traditional method, activity based costing system cannot distort costs of the products that might occur if the products cost would have been done arbitrarily. There are four steps the company should follow to implement Activity based costing system. The first step is identification of activities in within the organization. The company will be required to analyse all the activities under every department. Under this step, the company should consider the processes, which are operational in the departments, this is because in some cost centres there are activities, which were operating; but they have ceased operating. Berry limited has three activities: machine setup, ordering and machine running. Berry limited cost pool comprises of material ordering cost, machine running cost and general facility cost of $280000, $316000, $42000 and $361400 respectively. Second step is the allocation of resource costs to the company activities. The cost is traced to find why it occurs; the cost can be director in direct cost. Direct cost is directly related to the output, the direct cost of product X, y and Z are $980,000, $1024000 and $1012000. Indirect cost is the cost that cannot be associated with a particular output; the cost is for the general company. Berry limited incurs a total of $1,377,400

Home owrk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Home owrk - Essay Example come, the welfare workers treat them like criminals and subject them to myriad tests and investigations; ostensibly to prevent fraud but serve to dehumanize them more. The sad case of Al Szekeley, a veteran who is arrested for being homeless despite the fact that he has no home to go to and has to sleep outside. Ehrenreich examines several causes of poverty such as recession, which leave poor people venerable to harassment and ill health since they cannot afford health insurance. In addition, this results in an increased dependency on the governmental support through welfare. Injuries may also be a cause of poverty for instance Al Szekeley who was turned destitute by a wound obtained, ironically in defense of his country. This rendered him an easy target for brutal overenthusiastic police officers (Ehrenreic, 2011). The writer proposed that to deal with the problem of poverty the best solution is to avoid doing things that cause people to remain poor furthermore; the authorities should also avoid criminalizing the poor. In my opinion, the writer makes a valid point because poverty has often being associated with crime and poor people are often unfairly treated. If people were paid well for the jobs they did and were not discriminated by virtue of their economic class, the connection between poverty and crime may stop looking so

Management Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Management Finance - Essay Example Company should consider a system that will give accurate results and should be certain depending on the data inputted into the system. The system also should be simple to understand and be friendlier to the end users. In addition, the system should also be flexible for it to respond easily to the changes in the organization and for simple decision-making by the junior staff. Activity based costing method is more flexible hence it produces reports which can be used by the management in decision making, this is because it has got a certain methodology of costing products and services. Compared to the traditional method, activity based costing system cannot distort costs of the products that might occur if the products cost would have been done arbitrarily. There are four steps the company should follow to implement Activity based costing system. The first step is identification of activities in within the organization. The company will be required to analyse all the activities under every department. Under this step, the company should consider the processes, which are operational in the departments, this is because in some cost centres there are activities, which were operating; but they have ceased operating. Berry limited has three activities: machine setup, ordering and machine running. Berry limited cost pool comprises of material ordering cost, machine running cost and general facility cost of $280000, $316000, $42000 and $361400 respectively. Second step is the allocation of resource costs to the company activities. The cost is traced to find why it occurs; the cost can be director in direct cost. Direct cost is directly related to the output, the direct cost of product X, y and Z are $980,000, $1024000 and $1012000. Indirect cost is the cost that cannot be associated with a particular output; the cost is for the general company. Berry limited incurs a total of $1,377,400

Citrobacter freundii Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Citrobacter freundii - Lab Report Example The biosphere is characterized by the presence of microorganisms allover which invariably impacts on the environment they are growing. Microorganisms are present in the air, soil, plants and animals and their presence can be harmful, beneficial or inapparent with respect to human measure. Pathogenic microorganisms are known to cause diseases to the host animal while opportunistic microorganisms stay in a healthy host for longer period without causing illness the immune system of the host is suppressed. However some microorganisms are very beneficial as they are used in biotechnological processes, soil and to degrade waste. This paper focuses on experiment for isolation and identification of Citrobacter freundii bacterium. The bacterium Citrobacter freundii is an opportunistic pathogen belonging to the family of Enterobacteriaceae and was first identified by Gillen and Werkman in 1932 from soil extracts (Leboffe & Pierce, 2011). It is a long rod shaped facultative anaerobic gram-negative bacilli bacterium characterized by many long flagella to aid its movement though others are none motile. C. freundii is rod shaped between 1um diameter and 2-6um in length with optimum growth temperature of 370C and produces gas and acid as a result of carbohydrate catabolism (MicrobeWiki, 2011). The habitat for Citrobacter freundii includes food, water, soil, sewage and the intestinal tracts of both human and animals (MicrobeWiki, 2011). The diverse habitat upon which this bacterium can grow is mainly due to its ability to metabolize citrate and lactose as the main sources of carbon. Citrobacter freundii is characterized by various opportunistic infections including a variety of nosocomial infections of the respiratory tract, blood, urinary tract and other sterile sites in patients with suppressed immune system (MicrobeWiki, 2011). Research has revealed that C. freundii is responsible for over 29% of all the opportunistic infections (Leboffe & Pierce, 2011). It is therefore

Rogers Chocolate Essay Example for Free

Rogers Chocolate Essay Introduction Rogers’ Chocolate is on a mission to have the company double or triple its size within 10 years. An analysis will be performed to figure out a strategic plan where Rogers’ Chocolate will be able to grow, and maintain their image of providing premium chocolates. The issue facing Rogers’ Chocolate is how they will be able to gain new customers and sustain their current customers. To give a thorough analysis, I will identify and explain the strategic issue, present the results of the analysis, and present alternative strategies. Finally, I will present my recommendation and conclude the analysis. Strategic Issue The strategic issue facing Roger’s Chocolate is how to grow the company by being able to gain new customers and still maintain their current customer base. The objective of Rogers’ Chocolate is to double or triple the size of the company within 10 years. By growing, this means that they will need more production, more employees, and more customers. Rogers’ Chocolate will need a strategy that will help position them to be able to grow the way they want it to. Analysis After reviewing Rogers’ Chocolates finances, they are good shape and have improved from 2005 to 2006. This improvement shows opportunity for the company to reach its objective of growing. According to their balance sheet, their current ratio for 2006 is 1. 366 (2,330,241/1,705,132) and 1. 245 (2,896,842/2,326,966) for 2005. These numbers show that they are able to continue to pay off their obligations. This means they are in a position where they shouldn’t go bankrupt. It also shows that Rogers’ Chocolate are just efficient enough in the sense of turning their product into cash. The company’s cash available for next year, 2007, is $74,744. This is down from what they had at the beginning of the year, $151,802. This may hurt them when trying to invest into new areas. The external environment of Rogers’ Chocolate looks very promising. Godiva and Bernard Callebaut are the only ones that seem to threaten Rogers’ Chocolate position in the market. The other chocolate companies are of lower quality and price but still compete with Rogers’ Chocolate. Godiva’s chocolates are priced higher but lower quality. Bernard Callebaut’s chocolate are similar to Godiva’s in price, are in similar locations as Rogers’ and are also good in new introductions and seasonal products. They are also superior to Rogers’ when it comes to their packaging. The internal environment doesn’t look well for Rogers’ Chocolate. With very few employees who do multiple jobs, Rogers’ seems like they are not able to handle their demand for their product. Also their issue with out of stock product causes many problems when trying to keep up with other demands. Strengths for Rogers’ Chocolates include liquidity and their differentiation from other competitors. Roger’s is in a good position financially. They are not in the best position but are in a good enough position to make changes and improvements. Rogers’ is also efficient. Once, again they are not at their best, but are efficient enough to be a successful competitor. They are also very strong in their image. They are able to differ from their competitors with high quality chocolate and an image that is known locally. Rogers’ weaknesses are cash flow and production. Although Roger’s Chocolate is not in a position to go bankrupt, they have limited cash to invest into improving their operations. With the low amount of cash they have, they may have to borrow in the future. Another weakness is their production efficiency. A low number of employees and bad planning causes their production to be slow and inefficient. Inventory management and out of stock problems cannot continue if Rogers’ want to be able to grow into the company they want it to become. Rogers’ Chocolates has several opportunities. One opportunity is to maintain their current image to introduce new products to compete with Bernard Callebaut. Having a new product to compete can help can new customers and new market share. Another opportunity is to provide lower quality chocolates to reach a new target market. Being able to acquire a new market may bring those new customers to their current market. The main threat to Rogers’ chocolate is the competition. Not being able to keep up with the competition or current trends can lead to lost market share. With Godiva having superior packaging, distribution, and price points, and Bernard Callebaut having superior packaging and seasonal influence, Rogers’ Chocolate could be falling behind soon if they do not join the ranks. Rogers’ must find their niche in order to be able to compete not just locally, but globally. Alternative Strategies Rogers’ Chocolates will need to gain new customers if they want to grow the company. To gain new customers, Rogers’ must take a risk a re-brand themselves with a new packaging design to create a new image. Implementing a new brand image will gather a new crowd of consumers that Rogers’ did not reach with its current image. To be able to do so, Rogers’ will need some financial help in order to invest money into the new packaging design and image that they want to create. They will also need new store displays and marketing tools to be able to push the image to customers. By creating this new image, they run the risk of losing their current customers. The new image that Rogers’ creates will grab the attention of a new market that will help gain market share that they currently do not have to aid in the growth of the company. For growth to happen, Rogers’ must be more efficient in production. The problems caused by out of stocks and bad planning are causing Rogers’ to not be as successful. When production plans are put on hold to finish special orders, it is not a good sign. Production should be a continuous flow. To change the production efficiency, Rogers’ will have to hire more employees so their current ones are not doing multiple functions. They will also need to use the correct data when planning production and forecasting next year’s sales. Once again, money will be needed to hire and train new employees, as well as changing the planning method. Rogers’ risk is that the employees may not be as happy when new hires come, since a lot of the employees are third generation employees. Also, another risk is that the new planning may cause the same problems such as discounting products or even wrong forecasting. Another way for Rogers’ to grow is to boost their online presence. Since social media is growing, Rogers’ could take advantage of it to gain traffic to their website. By doing so, not only will sales go up, but they will also be able to reach a new age group of 18-34, who use online shopping. This will give them new customers that will start to aid in replacing the aging customers that Rogers’ currently have. Since social media is a low cost, not a lot of money will be needed, although it may be a good idea to hire a social media consultant to handle all the work. The only risk that I see Rogers’ facing is throwing away money if sales do not increase. If social media and a larger online presence are not working, Rogers’ could face a situation where they are not on the receiving end. They will need to research who the online customer base really is to gain information on how to market to that segment. Not only will a larger online presence grow the company, but also moving business to the United States will help in the growth as well. Opening up retail stores in the US will help Rogers’ to start to gain a global presence. The way that Rogers’ retails their products shows that they know how to do it locally. To be able to reach the US, they will need to put a lot of effort into research the market on how to market to US customers. In their current retail stores, they display their products to suit the season with a Victorian theme. Rogers’ will need to do the same for the US, but use the information gathered to create displays and marketing tools that will gain a following. By changing to fit and gain sales in the US, Rogers’ has the risk of losing their current image as well as spending a lot of money just to gain customers that they may not get. This is the riskiest strategy. They will spend a lot of money by building retail stores and staffing them and marketing to a new segment. The risk of having their image ruined is also a risk. Since Rogers’ is well rooted in tradition, this may cause a stir among employees and their customers. Recommendation After reviewing the analysis and the alternative strategies, Rogers’ has several ways to achieve growth. I recommend that Rogers’ re-brand themselves with new packaging and marketing tools. Although there is a risk of losing current customers, I believe that is a very small risk. People who buy Rogers’ Chocolates are very loyal customers and have been buying them for years. Rogers’ is a company based of providing premium chocolate with high quality. Changing the image will not affect the quality of their chocolates, but rather gain new customers they don’t currently have and be able to compete against Godiva and Bernard Callebaut. The image that Rogers’ needs to create is an image that will still hold its tradition, but at the same time be edgy enough to strengthen its packaging, advertising, and distribution. This will allow new customers to get to know what Rogers’ Chocolates is and be able to keep the current ones coming back. Conclusion As you can see, Rogers’ chocolates objective is growth for the company. An analysis was performed to show the current financial and environmental state Rogers’ is currently in. after reviewing the analysis, I found that Rogers’ is in a good position to grow and again market share using their current products. I recommended that Rogers’ Chocolates create a new, edgy brand image to gain a new customer base. This will keep their current, loyal customers and help gain new customers who are soon to be loyal as well. Rogers’ has put themselves in a position to make this strategic decision in order to grow the company into a market leader.

Specific Job Description And General Job Description Commerce Essay

Specific Job Description And General Job Description Commerce Essay General job des is best suitable if the single task has to be carried on by the group of people or if the same duties and functions are to be performed by multiple people may be at same department, place or at different places the best example may be the call canter executives or the customer support executives where as it may not the case in job des of specific nature General Job des may be for the lower level positions where the requirement is for huge amount of personnels or it may even be good for operational level. Whereas specific job des is for tactical and strategic levels General Job description may explain vision, mission, policies etc where as the later is position specific in an organisation Their may be group of people with same designation, salary ,roles and responsibility in general job des but the case may not be the same in specific job des specific job des may be required when the organisation wants to recruit the specialised person with specific skill sets 2. Suppose several people are employed in the same job as the one for which you are writing a job description. Would it be necessary to write a different job description for each person who works in the same job? In an organisation to develop the job description, it is necessary to study the competencies, abilities and skills that are required because when developing job description manager is supposed to make an analysis of job not the job holder of the position not the person, because all the people are supposed to carry on same function, has to achieve similar objective, it will also support you in evaluation the performance or performance appraisal, The training and development cost may be reduced The promotion structure and monitoring will be facilitated It will be advantageous in compensation management, declaring financial and non financial incentives The poor and the best performers may be well identified 3. Carefully follow a format for the specific Job Description when writing the job description for the job you selected. Make sure that you include in you job description the following elements: job description is an activity which will be based on the job analysis and it will be a document where filtering process will be undertaken as at first when I wanted to prepare the job description and wanted to list down the number of activities that are performed it has gone unto 43 then I have started clustering it under different headings therefore I have first started from macro then gone for micro, as already been mentioned in my previous explanation also that we have to develop job or position not job holder or person as the organisation will be stable and positions will be stable but it may be replaced with many eligible people so we designate power, authority accountability, and responsibility to positions and most importantly first the position is created then we will match with the person which is important function in job description The job description is developed to know why the job is to be performed, what are the task that are to be accomplished, and how it has to be performed THE DESCRIPTION FORMAT FOR HR EXECUTIVE Department : Human Resource Department Designation Or Title Of The Job : Human Resources Executive or HR assistant Job Summary :- the job includes carrying on the recruitment and selection for the organisation for which identify the potential sources from which the talent or potential candidates may be sourced, arranging the recruitment and selections. Coordinating with various departments and .forecasting the manpower requirement and coordinate and plan internal and external recruitment, maintaining of database of human resources Job duties and responsibilities :- The job responsibilities may include job analysis Manpower planning by collecting the data from all the departments of organisation Coordinating with all the heads of departments and collecting necessary details of requirements and eligibilities Manpower forecasting and planning Recruitment of candidates by internal and external sources Coordinating with all placement agencies and placement consultants Conducting interviews, review of application forms by various screening techniques Development and maintaining recruitment policy Work with accounts admin department for developing payroll Designing and conducting the induction and skill enhancement training program Reviewing and evaluation of employee performance and constant performance appraisal activities has to be carried on. All the other human resource activities also has to be looked after d) Job requirements :- Candidate has to be well versed with reading, writing and speaking English Person has to have in-depth knowledge of human resource management Should possess negotiation, counselling and motivational skills He has to have knowledge about International labour organisation rules and regulations Thorough knowledge in computers, web browsing and other packages of payroll management e) Minimum qualification The person has to have bachelors or masters degree in personal management, human resource management or any other HR degree from reputed university Diploma in computers Task 2 Clone or Complement? What to look for in a team In many organizations that have moved to a team structure, the team is the principal unit where work gets done. However, most organizations recruit and hire as though there was one job description and the team did not exist. The reality is that people have natural strengths or tendencies and therefore end up playing different roles on a team. For example, some people are naturally empathetic and focused on interpersonal issues. Others are focused on and most comfortable with technical aspects. Others like the excitement of identifying new concepts and solutions but arent cut out for dealing with the operational details needed to carry them through. Recent research has found that allowing people to play to their strengths can yield maximum performance and employee satisfaction. Critical thinking questions IF THERE ARE DISTINCT ROLES TO BE PLAYED ON A TEAM, HOW WOULD YOU GO ABOUT RECRUITING AND HIRING FOR THEM? The business world had made tremendous growth and development not only operationally but also strategically, due to the liberalisation ,globalisation and privatisation the whole world had became a global village ,therefore the need of an hour is the dynamism in operation and matching the trends with constant change for which their has to be the dynamism in the human resources as the organisation does not have any existence if there are no people which has been explained in the definition of organisation Further the recruitment may be by many ways which are as follows The internal recruitment process may be followed where the employees has to be motivated for facilitating in organisation recruitment process, the company may also declare some financial and non financial incentives to present personals (reference method) by this the company may have various advantages like Company may get the trust worthy people as they are been referred The new recruited will be knowing the policies and operations of organisation as referee might have updated him The cohesiveness among the team mates will be high as the are been referred by them only, the learning process will be comparatively faster The company may even have cost effectiveness as this process comparatively will cost less in monetary as well as risk terms The company may also hire the people from the channel member as they may be with good knowledge about organisation modus of operation The present employees working in an organisation on contract or temporary basis also may be hired The organisaton may go for campus recruitment where they may hire fresh talent as trainees where they have to be exposed to the concern teams, the students may also provided the internship or projects where based on their efforts ,ability and interest they may also be recruited The characteristics needed by individual team members depend on the team and the strengths and weakness of others who are on the team. In other words, the situation is much more dynamic than assuming that there is one static job with a single set of qualifications. How could you model or include this dynamic and interactive nature in the recruitment and hiring process? The company may follow as mentioned above and the referral strategy may be also be followed The company may focus on high level and professional induction training with both in house and on the job training methods One of the most advanced method may be Japanese method of life time employment where the candidates has to be hired from their schooling only, there fore the cohesiveness among members will be more ,they will be clear about career path etc The company may also hire some reputed placement consultants and take the help from employee clubs The organisation may also go for set up of its own college or make mou with some reputed university to impart the specialised knowledge of company its policies and procedure as done b mc Donalds and icici Team exercise As a team, identify the roles that you think are important for teams in the workplace. Identify the skills needed to perform each role. It has been stated in the book essentials of management that their are three major skills required in an organisation that has been explains as fallows Conceptual skills Human Skills Technical Skills TOP LEVEL MIDDLE LEVEL LOWER LEVEL The fist category of skills is the conceptual skills: the conceptual skill has to be in maximum quantum by top level and as we go down the level i.e at lower level it decreases The second category of skills is the human skills which are to be in equal quantum by all the levels Third skills are the technical skills which will be at high quantum at lower level and decreases when moved till top level Other skills required are as fallows profitable judgment knowledge about product both technical and non technical effective time managing skills planning and organizing skills communication skills computer and it skills problem-solving and decision-making team-working and developing/helping others energy, determination and work-rate steadiness under pressure leadership and integrity innovativeness ,adaptableness, flexibility, and mobility personal appearance and image appreciation and application of social responsibility, sustainability, and ethical considerations In addition to skills, a natural tendency or motivation to perform in a particular type of role can be critical. How could you measure the motivation needed for each role? How could you measure the skills needed for each role? Motivation is an ongoing process where the motivational needs of the employees change from time to time more so over it has been identified by great researchers like Maslow and Hertzberg who stated different motivational factors for a human being .as stated by Maslow who correlated the needs hierarchy the form of basic needs, security needs, social and love needs, esteem needs and self actualisation need where he explained there are different set of factors at each hierarchy. Which can be correlated as major motivational factors for which a manager has to do following To know the motivational factors of employees first the manager has to be motivated He has to be epithetic Study in detail the organisational goals so as to correlate with goals of employees Then understand what factors motivate them by judgment and experience as well as collecting information from employee itself Recognize that supporting employee motivation is a process, not a task Support employee motivation by using organizational systems (for example, policies and procedures) dont just count on good intentions The factors once identified by analysis ands reviewing job and job description they may be put on a structured or semi structured questionnaire, generally all the motivational factors will be qualitative factors therefore standard scales for measurement may not be used so develop own scale with open-ended, ranking, grading and other qualitative ways of questions the manager may use even attitude measurement scales like likert, thurstone, semantic differential scale etc. How could you effectively recruit for the various positions or roles? In a simpler words the effective recruitment starts with development of effective recruitment plan by appropriate feasting, perfect job analysis ands developing good job description, Present your recruitment and selection plan by preparing a report not exceeding e500 words. R-RESOURCEFUL E-ENERGETIC C-CHARISMATIC R-REALISTIC U-UBIQUITOUS I-INQUISITIVE T-TACTFUL E-EAGER R-RIGHTEOUS Be prepared there is an old phrase in management which says if you fail to plan then you are planning to fail. Therefore if the organized planning is done it will definitely result in reducing time and cost of recruitment at the same time tabbing high potential for which following are to be done Analyze market trend within your business and industry is a very important element of the planning stage. Yet a day is able to create a gigantic differentiation so plan to have a hoard of resources which you can instantly take from as soon as the need arises. There are usually three type of role you will apply in your industry: High churn role usually the least possible time to employ, but the very ften advertisement. The advantage of high churn functions is that you repeatedly get the opportunity to analyse new technique to well adjust your hiring method. This is the group of candidate that your ongoing recruitment drive should be target. There are numerous instance where organisations run recruitment campaign even when they have no vacancy. Medium churn roles these are the role which are seen less frequintly for additional vital part of your organisation. This could be a mid-level manager who leaves their subordinate with no one to report to, or a expert member of staff who has a exceptional skill set. The best way to decrease time to employ with these position is to put up a talent pool which you can contact when the time comes. combine this with a extremely targeted online recruitment campaign should bring you a good number of prospects of candidates to select from. Low churn roles For long term strategically important role which are much less often hired for, its not as much of important for you to fill up the role rapidly and added significant to identify the right person. However, there are still some things you can do to help drive the progression all along.recruiters usually work on commission only and you should be able to get often day to day reports on who in the business may be ready to make a move so when the time comes you know the best people out there to fill the departing shoes. Internal recruitment is your other option for filling a position quickly, although remember that shifting an employee into a new role will only open up a gap elsewhere. Strategy =2 measure trend in: external labour markets, Current employees Future organisational plans, General economic trends Æ’Â ª Predict demand Æ’Â ­ Æ’Â ® Forecast internal Forecast external supply supply Æ’Â ® Æ’Â ­ Compare future demand and internal supply Æ’Â ª Plan for short-falls or over-staffing Steps for recruitment Describe the work or the job Profiling the candidates Converse your job needs Decide precisely the methodology Important questions to be considered whether we have the requirement for the said job? What are the task involved in job? What are the skill sets to be possed by the person? What may be the sources of getting person How to call them to our organisaton ? Formal and strategic approach Man power planning and forecasting Detailed Job analysis Development of Job description Specifying the job roles and responsibilities Starting the Recruitment Conducting Selection process Induction and job offer Different ways of Job Analysis Developing the Questionnaire Conducting Individual Interview Observational method Judgement and Expert Analysis method Work Participation Critical Incident Technique Job Descriptions Job Specifications Elements of a Job Description Job title Department Location Reporting toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Main tasks Staff responsibilities Rewards conditions Impact on others Qualifications Innate abilities Motivation Emotional adjustment Most Popular Methods Advertisement in local news papers Advertisement in specialist press Advertisement in national press Placement and Employment agency Putting Notice inside premises Job centres Education liaison Unsolicited application Careers service Head hunters Careers fairs Internet Word-of-mouth